在道路建養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域，水泥撒布車作為基層處理的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，其撒布寬度的精準(zhǔn)控制直接影響著施工質(zhì)量與材料利用率。現(xiàn)代水泥撒布車通過(guò)集成傳感器技術(shù)、智能控制系統(tǒng)與液壓執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了撒布寬度的自適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)，標(biāo)志著道路施工裝備向智能化邁進(jìn)的重大跨越。本文將深度解析這一技術(shù)體系的運(yùn)行原理與創(chuàng)新價(jià)值。

　　In the field of road construction and maintenance, cement spreader is a key equipment for grassroots treatment, and its precise control of spreading width directly affects the construction quality and material utilization rate. Modern cement spreading vehicles have achieved adaptive adjustment of spreading width through integrated sensor technology, intelligent control systems, and hydraulic actuators, marking a significant leap towards intelligent road construction equipment. This article will deeply analyze the operating principles and innovative value of this technological system.

　　一、技術(shù)基石：三維感知網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建

　　1、 Technical cornerstone: Construction of 3D perception network

　　水泥撒布車的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)建立在多維感知體系之上。車頭部位安裝的激光雷達(dá)以每秒120萬(wàn)點(diǎn)的采樣頻率，構(gòu)建作業(yè)面的三維點(diǎn)云地圖，精度可達(dá)±2cm。該雷達(dá)采用混合固態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)，水平視場(chǎng)角覆蓋120度，垂直分辨率0.5度，可精準(zhǔn)識(shí)別路肩邊緣、排水溝等邊界特征。

　　The automatic adjustment system of the cement spreader is built on a multidimensional perception system. The laser radar installed at the front of the vehicle constructs a three-dimensional point cloud map of the working surface with an accuracy of ± 2cm at a sampling frequency of 1.2 million points per second. The radar adopts a hybrid solid-state design, with a horizontal field of view coverage of 120 degrees and a vertical resolution of 0.5 degrees, which can accurately identify boundary features such as shoulder edges and drainage ditches.

　　在車身兩側(cè)，超聲波傳感器陣列以20cm間距布置，形成連續(xù)的障礙物檢測(cè)帶。每個(gè)傳感器檢測(cè)距離0.3-5米可調(diào)，響應(yīng)時(shí)間小于30ms，有效防范作業(yè)過(guò)程中的意外碰撞。車尾攝像頭搭載AI視覺(jué)識(shí)別模塊，通過(guò)深度學(xué)習(xí)算法可區(qū)分水泥、瀝青、植被等不同材質(zhì)表面，為撒布寬度決策提供環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)。

　　On both sides of the vehicle, ultrasonic sensor arrays are arranged at 20cm intervals to form a continuous obstacle detection belt. Each sensor has an adjustable detection distance of 0.3-5 meters and a response time of less than 30ms, effectively preventing accidental collisions during the operation process. The rear camera of the car is equipped with an AI visual recognition module, which can distinguish different material surfaces such as cement, asphalt, and vegetation through deep learning algorithms, providing environmental data for the decision-making of spreading width.

　　二、核心部件：機(jī)電液協(xié)同執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)

　　2、 Core component: Mechatronics hydraulic collaborative execution system

　　撒布寬度調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)由三級(jí)執(zhí)行單元構(gòu)成。主調(diào)節(jié)單元采用雙作用液壓油缸，缸徑80mm，行程400mm，通過(guò)電液比例閥實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速。油缸兩端配置磁致伸縮位移傳感器，位置反饋精度0.01mm，確保撒布盤開(kāi)度調(diào)節(jié)的精準(zhǔn)性。

　　The spreading width adjustment mechanism consists of three levels of execution units. The main regulating unit adopts a double acting hydraulic cylinder with a cylinder diameter of 80mm and a stroke of 400mm, which achieves stepless speed regulation through an electro-hydraulic proportional valve. Magnetostrictive displacement sensors are installed at both ends of the oil cylinder, with a position feedback accuracy of 0.01mm, ensuring the accuracy of adjusting the opening of the spreading disc.

　　輔助調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)包含兩組電動(dòng)推桿，分別控制撒布盤左右兩側(cè)的傾角。推桿行程150mm，最大推力5000N，可實(shí)現(xiàn)±15度的角度調(diào)節(jié)。在特殊工況下，如曲線段施工，該機(jī)構(gòu)可配合主調(diào)節(jié)單元形成復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡，確保邊緣撒布質(zhì)量。

　　The auxiliary adjustment mechanism includes two sets of electric push rods, which respectively control the inclination angle of the left and right sides of the spreading plate. The push rod has a stroke of 150mm, a maximum thrust of 5000N, and can achieve an angle adjustment of ± 15 degrees. In special working conditions, such as curved section construction, this mechanism can cooperate with the main adjustment unit to form a composite motion trajectory, ensuring the quality of edge spreading.

　　動(dòng)力傳輸系統(tǒng)采用閉式液壓回路設(shè)計(jì)，變量泵與馬達(dá)組成容積調(diào)速系統(tǒng)，使撒布盤轉(zhuǎn)速可在50-300rpm范圍內(nèi)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)節(jié)。系統(tǒng)壓力通過(guò)壓力補(bǔ)償閥穩(wěn)定在16MPa，確保在不同負(fù)載條件下執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)作穩(wěn)定性。

　　The power transmission system adopts a closed hydraulic circuit design, with a variable displacement pump and motor forming a volumetric speed regulation system, allowing the speed of the spreading plate to be infinitely adjusted within the range of 50-300rpm. The system pressure is stabilized at 16MPa through a pressure compensation valve to ensure the stability of the actuator under different load conditions.

　　三、控制邏輯：多模態(tài)決策算法

　　3、 Control Logic: Multimodal Decision Algorithm

　　控制系統(tǒng)采用分層架構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。感知層負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)采集與預(yù)處理，決策層運(yùn)行多模態(tài)融合算法，執(zhí)行層實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)動(dòng)作控制。在典型作業(yè)場(chǎng)景中，系統(tǒng)工作流程如下：

　　The control system adopts a layered architecture design. The perception layer is responsible for data collection and preprocessing, the decision-making layer runs multimodal fusion algorithms, and the execution layer achieves precise action control. In a typical homework scenario, the system workflow is as follows:

　　路徑規(guī)劃：根據(jù)激光雷達(dá)點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)，生成作業(yè)路徑規(guī)劃圖，識(shí)別出路肩、標(biāo)線等邊界要素。

　　Path planning: Based on LiDAR point cloud data, generate a job path planning map and identify boundary elements such as road shoulders and markings.

　　寬度計(jì)算：結(jié)合車速信號(hào)（0-30km/h）、撒布量設(shè)定（1-5kg/㎡）和材料特性，通過(guò)模糊控制算法計(jì)算理論撒布寬度。

　　Width calculation: Based on the vehicle speed signal (0-30km/h), the spreading amount setting (1-5kg/㎡), and material characteristics, the theoretical spreading width is calculated using fuzzy control algorithm.

　　實(shí)時(shí)修正：視覺(jué)識(shí)別模塊持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)實(shí)際撒布效果，當(dāng)檢測(cè)到邊緣重疊或漏撒時(shí)，啟動(dòng)PID控制環(huán)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)修正。

　　Real time correction: The visual recognition module continuously monitors the actual spreading effect. When edge overlap or leakage is detected, the PID control loop is activated for dynamic correction.

　　異常處理：當(dāng)遇到障礙物或材質(zhì)突變時(shí)，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)執(zhí)行避讓策略，同步記錄異常點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)供后續(xù)人工復(fù)核。

　　Exception handling: When encountering obstacles or sudden material changes, the system automatically executes avoidance strategies and synchronously records the coordinates of the abnormal points for subsequent manual review.

　　在某高速公路養(yǎng)護(hù)項(xiàng)目中，該系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)10公里作業(yè)的寬度偏差控制在±5cm以內(nèi)，材料利用率提升至98%，較人工操作提高25個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

　　In a certain highway maintenance project, the system achieved width deviation control within ± 5cm for continuous 10 kilometer operation, and the material utilization rate increased to 98%, which is 25 percentage points higher than manual operation.

　　四、創(chuàng)新價(jià)值：施工效能的質(zhì)變提升

　　4、 Innovative value: qualitative improvement of construction efficiency

　　自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)的突破，帶來(lái)三重效益提升：

　　The breakthrough of automatic adjustment technology brings triple benefits:

　　質(zhì)量躍升：通過(guò)閉環(huán)控制消除人為誤差，使撒布均勻性變異系數(shù)從15%降至5%以下，滿足《公路瀝青路面施工技術(shù)規(guī)范》對(duì)基層處理的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。

　　Quality leap: By eliminating human errors through closed-loop control, the coefficient of variation of spreading uniformity has been reduced from 15% to below 5%, meeting the high standard requirements for base treatment in the "Technical Specification for Construction of Asphalt Pavement on Highways".

　　效率革命：?jiǎn)闻_(tái)設(shè)備日作業(yè)面積從6000㎡提升至12000㎡，設(shè)備利用率提高至85%，顯著縮短工期。

　　Efficiency Revolution: The daily operating area of a single device has increased from 6000 square meters to 12000 square meters, and the equipment utilization rate has increased to 85%, significantly shortening the construction period.

　　成本優(yōu)化：減少15%的材料浪費(fèi)，降低20%的返工率，全生命周期成本較傳統(tǒng)設(shè)備降低30%。

　　Cost optimization: Reduce material waste by 15%, decrease rework rate by 20%, and lower lifecycle costs by 30% compared to traditional equipment.

　　水泥撒布車撒布寬度的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)，是道路建養(yǎng)裝備智能化的典型范式。通過(guò)構(gòu)建三維感知網(wǎng)絡(luò)、開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)電液協(xié)同執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)、創(chuàng)新多模態(tài)決策算法，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從機(jī)械執(zhí)行到智慧施工的跨越。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)不僅重塑了道路基層處理工藝，更標(biāo)志著我國(guó)在道路施工裝備領(lǐng)域達(dá)到了國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。隨著數(shù)字孿生、5G通信等技術(shù)的融入，未來(lái)的水泥撒布車將向全流程自主作業(yè)邁進(jìn)，持續(xù)推動(dòng)道路建養(yǎng)行業(yè)的智能化轉(zhuǎn)型。

　　The automatic adjustment technology of the spreading width of cement spreading vehicles is a typical paradigm of intelligent road construction and maintenance equipment. By constructing a three-dimensional perception network, developing an electromechanical hydraulic collaborative execution system, and innovating multimodal decision-making algorithms, a leap from mechanical execution to intelligent construction has been achieved. This technology not only reshapes the road base treatment process, but also marks that China has reached the international advanced level in the field of road construction equipment. With the integration of digital twins, 5G communication and other technologies, future cement spreading vehicles will move towards full process autonomous operation, continuously promoting the intelligent transformation of the road construction and maintenance industry.

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